ownerdomain=gamboahinestrosa.info managerdomain=revbid.net revbid.net, 6953, DIRECT # RevBid + Adagio <3 adagio.io, 1397, RESELLER rubiconproject.com, 19116, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807 improvedigital.com, 1790, RESELLER onetag.com, 6b859b96c564fbe, RESELLER appnexus.com, 13099, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1 pubmatic.com, 161593, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace rubiconproject.com, 11006, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807 33across.com, 0015a00002oUk4aAAC, RESELLER, bbea06d9c4d2853c yahoo.com, 57289, RESELLER, e1a5b5b6e3255540 appnexus.com, 10239, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1 rubiconproject.com, 16414, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807 pubmatic.com, 156423, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace rubiconproject.com, 21642, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807 conversantmedia.com, 100141, RESELLER indexexchange.com, 191973, RESELLER, 50b1c356f2c5c8fc triplelift.com, 12503, RESELLER, 6c33edb13117fd86 e-planning.net, 83c06e81531537f4, RESELLER, c1ba615865ed87b2 pubmatic.com, 156631, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace openx.com, 541031350, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6 rubiconproject.com, 12186, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807 pubmatic.com, 159110, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace indexexchange.com, 194558, RESELLER smartadserver.com, 3554, RESELLER pubmatic.com, 156439, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace pubmatic.com, 154037, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace rubiconproject.com, 16114, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807 openx.com, 537149888, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6 appnexus.com, 3703, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1 loopme.com, 5679, RESELLER, 6c8d5f95897a5a3b video.unrulymedia.com, 2564526802, RESELLER pubnative.net, 1006576, RESELLER, d641df8625486a7b admanmedia.com, 43, RESELLER sharethrough.com, OAW69Fon, RESELLER, d53b998a7bd4ecd2 lijit.com, 367236, RESELLER, fafdf38b16bf6b2b openx.com, 538959099, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6 pubmatic.com, 137711, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace pubmatic.com, 156212, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace rubiconproject.com, 17960, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807 freewheel.tv, 1568036, RESELLER freewheel.tv, 1568041, RESELLER openx.com, 558899373, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6 video.unrulymedia.com, 5672421953199218469, RESELLER rubiconproject.com, 17960, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807 adform.com, 2865, RESELLER appnexus.com, 12290, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1 appnexus.com, 9393, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1 indexexchange.com, 191503, RESELLER, 50b1c356f2c5c8fc openx.com, 559680764, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6 rubiconproject.com, 23844, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807 smartadserver.com, 3056, RESELLER, 060d053dcf45cbf3 yahoo.com, 49648, RESELLER pubmatic.com, 161527, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace pubmatic.com, 158355, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace lijit.com, 260380, RESELLER, fafdf38b16bf6b2b sovrn.com, 260380, RESELLER, fafdf38b16bf6b2b appnexus.com, 11924, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1 amxrtb.com, 105199747, DIRECT advertising.com, 28305, RESELLER appnexus.com, 11786, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1 connectad.io, 1397, RESELLER rubiconproject.com, 26800, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807 admanmedia.com, 2216, RESELLER connectad.io, 456, RESELLER, 85ac85a30c93b3e5 rubiconproject.com, 26800, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807 # RevBid + AdYouLike <3 adyoulike.com, 4db16f63a44a8089eb24922002e88ad0, DIRECT appnexus.com, 7664, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1 pubmatic.com, 160925, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace rubiconproject.com, 20736, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807 adform.com, 3296, RESELLER, 9f5210a2f0999e32 richaudience.com, JAHJ4YZq4O, RESELLER lijit.com, 408376, RESELLER, fafdf38b16bf6b2b Media.net, 8CU1G827Y, Reseller smilewanted.com, 1494, RESELLER onetag.com, 7a07370227fc000, RESELLER risecodes.com, 64c7a4acd6298f0001a7d867, RESELLER nativo.com, 5848, RESELLER, 59521ca7cc5e9fee nobid.io, 50603, RESELLER adipolosolutions.com, 23015084430, RESELLER smartadserver.com, 4144, RESELLER copper6.com, 766102, RESELLER video.unrulymedia.com, 297618916, RESELLER 33across.com, 0010b00002Xbn7QAAR, RESELLER, bbea06d9c4d2853c thebrave.io, 1234679, RESELLER, c25b2154543746ac indexexchange.com, 190532, RESELLER, 50b1c356f2c5c8fc triplelift.com, 10504, RESELLER, 6c33edb13117fd86 sharethrough.com, UN5mGpO8, RESELLER, d53b998a7bd4ecd2 amxrtb.com, 105199830, RESELLER loopme.com, 11362, RESELLER, 6c8d5f95897a5a3b openx.com, 539466082, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6 trustedstack.com, TSNC78R17, RESELLER gamoshi.io, 267-b6098, RESELLER, 20e30b2ae1f670f2 videoheroes.tv, 212690, RESELLER, 064bc410192443d8 yieldmo.com, 3482865003332051270, RESELLER video.unrulymedia.com, 639501697, RESELLER strongmetrics.io, 219562, RESELLER vistarsagency.com, cqqccatc23j9v5bv3fv0, RESELLER, 8db795910158017c screencore.io, 276, RESELLER eskimi.com, 2020000792, RESELLER advertising.com, 82643, RESELLER conversantmedia.com, 100292, RESELLER, 03113cd04947736d # RevBid + Sovrn <3 lijit.com, 474880, DIRECT, fafdf38b16bf6b2b lijit.com, 474880-eb, DIRECT, fafdf38b16bf6b2b openx.com, 538959099, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6 pubmatic.com, 137711, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace pubmatic.com, 156212, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace rubiconproject.com, 17960, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807 appnexus.com, 1019, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1 video.unrulymedia.com, 2444764291, RESELLER contextweb.com, 558511, RESELLER krushmedia.com, AJxF6R572a9M6CaTvK, RESELLER # RevBid + ImproveDigital <3 improvedigital.com, 2408, RESELLER # RevBid + AdLiveTech <3 adlive.io, 19969, RESELLER themediagrid.com, LVXCEA, DIRECT, 35d5010d7789b49d themediagrid.com, IZLGFV, DIRECT, 35d5010d7789b49d pubmatic.com, 162999, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace rubiconproject.com, 18680, DIRECT, 0bfd66d529a55807 improvedigital.com, 1159, RESELLER # RevBid + Setupad <3 setupad.com, 2424, DIRECT rubiconproject.com, 21118, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807 adform.com, 1484, RESELLER pubmatic.com, 156191, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace smartadserver.com, 3527, RESELLER, 060d053dcf45cbf3 lijit.com, 252889, RESELLER, fafdf38b16bf6b2b openx.com, 540890784, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6 indexexchange.com, 191541, RESELLER 152media.com, 152, RESELLER adtelligent.com, 534151, RESELLER triplelift.com, 12405, RESELLER, 6c33edb13117fd86 nextmillennium.io, 16454, RESELLER, 65bd090fa4a1e3d6 connectad.io, 416, RESELLER, 85ac85a30c93b3e5 Media.net, 8CU2I176C, RESELLER risecodes.com, 649047cf01889e0001cb85f1, RESELLER 33across.com, 0010b00002bTS1QAAW, RESELLER, bbea06d9c4d2853c onetag.com, 753951255855558, RESELLER #RevBid + Onetag <3 onetag.com, 818fac267e2a1b4, DIRECT onetag.com, 818fac267e2a1b4-OB, DIRECT appnexus.com, 13099, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1 pubmatic.com, 161593, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace rubiconproject.com, 11006, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807 freewheel.tv, 20393, RESELLER freewheel.tv, 24377, RESELLER # RevBid + AdTarget <3 admatic.com.tr, adm-pub-2977111241, DIRECT, uufps1dh5stc6euk adform.com, 2968, DIRECT, 9f5210a2f0999e32 rubiconproject.com, 25100, DIRECT, 0bfd66d529a55807 criteo.com, B-070303, DIRECT, 9fac4a4a87c2a44f themediagrid.com, DNWTUA, DIRECT, 35d5010d7789b49d adtarget.com.tr, 767666, DIRECT pubmatic.com, 159078, DIRECT, 5d62403b186f2ace adform.com, 2600, DIRECT stroeer.com, 17938, DIRECT # RevBid + E-Planning <3 e-planning.net, f0e8f6477570117b, RESELLER, c1ba615865ed87b2 pubmatic.com, 156631, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace disqus.com, 891, DIRECT zeta.com, 891, DIRECT zetaglobal.net, 891, DIRECT sharethrough.com, 23830661, DIRECT, d53b998a7bd4ecd2 openx.com, 541031350, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6 triplelift.com, 8446, DIRECT, 6c33edb13117fd86 onetag.com, 5927d926323dc2c, DIRECT nextmillennium.io, 16425, DIRECT, 65bd090fa4a1e3d6 mgid.com, 833178, DIRECT, d4c29acad76ce94f loopme.com, 12858, RESELLER, 6c8d5f95897a5a3b krushmedia.com, AJxF6R489a9M6CaTvK, DIRECT sonobi.com, b812bd55d6, RESELLER, d1a215d9eb5aee9e conversantmedia.com, 41784, RESELLER, 03113cd04947736d Media.net, 8CUT87EOU, DIRECT conversantmedia.com, 41784, DIRECT, 03113cd04947736d 33across.com, 0010b00002ZoRYhAAN, DIRECT, bbea06d9c4d2853c richaudience.com, 9komJKwMhZ, RESELLER google.com, pub-3872674820285626, RESELLER, f08c47fec0942fa0 xapads.com, 162365, RESELLER rtbdemand.com, 23064554446, RESELLER admixer.net, 0cc7386a-d5a3-4b90-aeeb-3e67f8fe, DIRECT video.unrulymedia.com, 827123801, DIRECT pubmatic.com, 160846, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace inmobi.com, 61d733c3779d43e590c51c8bc078e10c, RESELLER, 83e75a7ae333ca9d lijit.com, 380632, RESELLER, fafdf38b16bf6b2b #SOVRN mgid.com, 885240, DIRECT, d4c29acad76ce94f adform.com, 1762, RESELLER video.unrulymedia.com, 827123801, RESELLER video.unrulymedia.com, 2736329702851200000, RESELLER inmobi.com, 9b300ff061ff4501abcdd864e6c1cceb, RESELLER, 83e75a7ae333ca9d sharethrough.com, KGPeiFc6, RESELLER, d53b998a7bd4ecd2 openx.com, 559911747, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6 pubmatic.com, 164187, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace rubiconproject.com, 26144, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807 trustedstack.com, TSL72ADG4, DIRECT risecodes.com, 673da70c91e2fd000109c6f6, RESELLER crystall.io, 294862, DIRECT lijit.com, 512561, RESELLER, fafdf38b16bf6b2b adyoulike.com, cea2adf686c5179d6d96c9b0bbac777e, RESELLER adyoulike.com, 814ad5a7eb7601cc991ae83a976195b9, RESELLER xandr.com, 13117, RESELLER admatic.de, ade-pub-6537379909, DIRECT, uufps1dh5stc6euk amxrtb.com, 105199734, RESELLER yieldmo.com, 3377199372461613093, RESELLER onetag.com, 87f58fe90234d0e, RESELLER smartadserver.com, 5302, RESELLER, 060d053dcf45cbf3 aceex.io, 2108, DIRECT, b1cf3c874d5c6682 video.unrulymedia.com, 799061815, RESELLER eskimi.com, 2020000186, RESELLER conversantmedia.com, 100066, DIRECT, 03113cd04947736d appnexus.com, 15941, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1 nglcollective.com, 475, DIRECT kargo.com, 8800, DIRECT tremorhub.com, 51vtw, RESELLER, 1a4e959a1b50034a telaria.com, 51vtw, RESELLER, 1a4e959a1b50034a pubmatic.com, 159933, DIRECT, 5d62403b186f2ace springserve.com, 1247, RESELLER, a24eb641fc82e93d telaria.com, 2auap-ich32, RESELLER, 1a4e959a1b50034a telaria.com, 2auap-45web, RESELLER, 1a4e959a1b50034a rubiconproject.com, 12186, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807 richaudience.com, 25BiP9IMgN, DIRECT pubmatic.com, 163389, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace telaria.com, 2auap-zihku, RESELLER, 1a4e959a1b50034a tremorhub.com, 2auap-ich32, RESELLER, 1a4e959a1b50034a tremorhub.com, 2auap-45web, RESELLER, 1a4e959a1b50034a tremorhub.com, 2auap-zihku, RESELLER, 1a4e959a1b50034a adagio.io, 1417, DIRECT # RevBid + Kueez <3 kueez.com, 023bba2412042299d0702b15b00e4c69, DIRECT appnexus.com, 8826, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1 rubiconproject.com, 16920, RESELLER openx.com, 557564833, RESELLER lijit.com, 407406, RESELLER media.net, 8cu4jtrf9, RESELLER pubmatic.com, 162110, RESELLER sharethrough.com, n98xdzel, RESELLER 33across.com, 0010b00002odu4haax, RESELLER yieldmo.com, 3133660606033240149, RESELLER onetag.com, 6e053d779444c00, RESELLER video.unrulymedia.com, 3486482593, RESELLER sonobi.com, 4c4fba1717, RESELLER smartadserver.com, 4288, RESELLER zetaglobal.com, 108, RESELLER improvedigital.com, 2106, RESELLER loopme.com, 11576, RESELLER themediagrid.com, uot45z, RESELLER # RevBid + AMXR <3 admixer.net,5ec6caad-1374-4898-b09d-06f75d78bcc0,DIRECT cdn.rtb-stack.com, 5ec6caad-1374-4898-b09d-06f75d78bcc0, DIRECT pubmatic.com, 160846, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace loopme.com, 11488, RESELLER, 6c8d5f95897a5a3b e-planning.net,ec771b05828a67fa,RESELLER,c1ba615865ed87b2 zetaglobal.net, 891, DIRECT video.unrulymedia.com, 851532539, RESELLER admanmedia.com, 1074, RESELLER nextmillennium.io, 16425, RESELLER, 65bd090fa4a1e3d6 onetag.com, 8305cc299686700, RESELLER smartyads.com, 260, RESELLER, fd2bde0ff2e62c5d video.unrulymedia.com, 827123801, RESELLER rubiconproject.com, 15268, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807 pubmatic.com, 159277, RESELLER x.adprime.com, AJxF6R77a9M6CaTvK, RESELLER krushmedia.com, AJxF6R192a9M6CaTvK, RESELLER rubiconproject.com, 26552, RESELLER richaudience.com, 9komJKwMhZ, RESELLER pubmatic.com, 81564, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace rubiconproject.com, 13510, RESELLER google.com, pub-3872674820285626, RESELLER, f08c47fec0942fa0 xapads.com, 162365, RESELLER rtbdemand.com, 23064554446, RESELLER mgid.com, 885240, RESELLER, d4c29acad76ce94f adform.com, 1762, RESELLER smartadserver.com, 3627, RESELLER, 060d053dcf45cbf3 152media.info,152M929,RESELLER appnexus.com, 11924, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1 # RevBid + ReVantage <3 kueez.com, 023bba2412042299d0702b15b00e4c69,direct appnexus.com,8826,reseller,f5ab79cb980f11d1 rubiconproject.com,16920,reseller,0bfd66d529a55807 openx.com, 557564833, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6 lijit.com,407406,reseller,fafdf38b16bf6b2b media.net,8cu4jtrf9,reseller pubmatic.com,162110,reseller,5d62403b186f2ace sharethrough.com,n98xdzel,reseller,d53b998a7bd4ecd2 33across.com, 0010b00002ODU4HAAX,reseller, bbea06d9c4d2853c yieldmo.com,3133660606033240149,reseller onetag.com,6e053d779444c00,reseller video.unrulymedia.com,3486482593,reseller sonobi.com,4c4fba1717,reseller,d1a215d9eb5aee9e smartadserver.com,4288,reseller,060d053dcf45cbf3 zetaglobal.com,108,reseller improvedigital.com,2106,reseller adform.com,2926,reseller,9f5210a2f0999e32 start.io, 185522363, reseller loopme.com,11576,reseller,6c8d5f95897a5a3b themediagrid.com,uot45z,reseller,35d5010d7789b49d trustedstack.com, TSIO6G4I5, reseller themediagrid.com, 7H3QAS, RESELLER, 35d5010d7789b49d smaato.com, 1100059464, RESELLER, 07bcf65f187117b4 smaato.com, 1100004890, RESELLER, 07bcf65f187117b4 intenze.co , 200184, DIRECT imds.tv, 82624, RESELLER, ae6c32151e71f19d 152media.info,152M968,RESELLER amxrtb.com, 105199329, RESELLER kueez.com,00f14b9c9ba786f50ea561b30cc33bb0, direct appnexus.com,8826,reseller richaudience.com, 5wLa5vAlFn, RESELLER appnexus.com, 8233, RESELLER adagio.io, 1544, RESELLER rubiconproject.com, 19116, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807 chocolateplatform.com, 21704, RESELLER rubiconproject.com, 24248, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807 screencore.io, 293, DIRECT adyoulike.com, e5bd7e416fd48b8a82c54e94233e5a1e, DIRECT smilewanted.com, 5230, RESELLER pubmatic.com, 158810, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace appnexus.com, 10040, RESELLER rubiconproject.com, 19814, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807 openx.com, 557083110, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6 smilewanted.com, 5230, RESELLER pubmatic.com, 158810, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace appnexus.com, 10040, RESELLER rubiconproject.com, 19814, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807 openx.com, 557083110, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6 adscholars.com, 221557, DIRECT ergadx.com, 5258, DIRECT Pubmatic.com, 160881, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace Pubmatic.com, 162147, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace inmobi.com, a465db258ac44b2abb4e100fa019be3c, RESELLER, 83e75a7ae333ca9d rubiconproject.com, 23102, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807 monetixads.com, mix-pub-6611088393, DIRECT, uufps1dh5stc6euk adform.com, 3266, DIRECT improvedigital.com, 1616, RESELLER themediagrid.com, BIH5U6, RESELLER, 35d5010d7789b49d criteo.com, B-064389, RESELLER, 9fac4a4a87c2a44f openx.com, 541163168, DIRECT, 6a698e2ec38604c6 pubmatic.com, 158349, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace #EB pubmatic.com, 158350, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace #TM pubmatic.com, 155968, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace #PB rubiconproject.com, 11398, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807 adform.com, 2668, RESELLER appnexus.com, 11673, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1 smartadserver.com, 989, RESELLER, 060d053dcf45cbf3 Media.net, 8CU33YS38, RESELLER vi.ai, g-00f44bb9f57d2bb96162c9eda0981f48c2, DIRECT outbrain.com, 0052a42837b505f8ee68b4559b35c4d4d7, DIRECT openx.com, 540393169, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6 triplelift.com, 11547, RESELLER, 6c33edb13117fd86 improvedigital.com, 1552, Reseller contextweb.com, 562709, RESELLER, 89ff185a4c4e857c aps.amazon.com, 3965, RESELLER freewheel.tv, 1220559, RESELLER freewheel.tv, 1133073, RESELLER sovrn.com, 267974, RESELLER, fafdf38b16bf6b2b adform.com, 2611, RESELLER rubiconproject.com, 19668, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807 indexexchange.com, 190856, RESELLER, 50b1c356f2c5c8fc pubmatic.com, 158615, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace appnexus.com, 7597, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1 smartadserver.com, 3820, RESELLER video.unrulymedia.com, 367782854, RESELLER indexexchange.com, 193091, RESELLER, 50b1c356f2c5c8fc pubmatic.com, 160065, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace improvedigital.com, 1863, RESELLER freewheel.tv, 1220655, RESELLER google.com, pub-5617098146054077, RESELLER, f08c47fec0942fa0 pubmatic.com, 158055, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace xandr.com, 10736, RESELLER rubiconproject.com, 21506, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807 Indexexchange.com, 190500, RESELLER smartadserver.com,2776,RESELLER openx.com, 540362347, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6 openx.com, 540362347, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6 rubiconproject.com, 20086, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807 connectad.io, 508, RESELLER, 85ac85a30c93b3e5 adform.com, 768, RESELLER, 9f5210a2f0999e32 rubiconproject.com, 26800, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807 openx.com, 537145117, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6 lijit.com, 244287, RESELLER, fafdf38b16bf6b2b openx.com, 538959099, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6 pubmatic.com, 137711, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace pubmatic.com, 156212, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace appnexus.com, 1019, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1 rtbhouse.com, f2PMUrbTLheS4d67McTq, DIRECT rtbhouse.com, RcZfc1nKUmkHGXLIwZQb, DIRECT adform.com, 3215, RESELLER appnexus.com, 14416, RESELLER appnexus.com, 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Hybrid SUVs A Comprehensive Guide

Introduction to Hybrid SUVs

Hybrid SUVs represent a compelling blend of fuel efficiency and the rugged capabilities associated with traditional SUVs. They combine a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) with an electric motor, leveraging the strengths of both powertrains to achieve improved performance and reduced emissions. This approach offers a middle ground for drivers seeking the versatility of an SUV without sacrificing fuel economy.

Hybrid SUVs stand apart from their gasoline-powered counterparts primarily through their enhanced fuel efficiency and reduced emissions. The electric motor’s contribution significantly reduces reliance on the ICE, leading to lower fuel consumption and lower tailpipe emissions. This characteristic sets them apart from standard SUVs, making them an attractive option for environmentally conscious drivers.

Types of Hybrid Systems

Hybrid SUV powertrains employ various configurations to optimize performance and fuel economy. These configurations fall into distinct categories: parallel, series, and plug-in hybrid systems. Understanding these differences helps to appreciate the nuanced approach each system takes.

  • Parallel Hybrids: In parallel hybrid systems, the electric motor and the internal combustion engine work together, with each component providing power to the wheels independently. This allows for more direct power delivery in certain driving situations. Examples include Toyota’s hybrid system in models like the RAV4 Prime.
  • Series Hybrids: In a series hybrid, the electric motor is the primary source of propulsion. The internal combustion engine acts primarily as a generator, charging the battery. This configuration excels in fuel efficiency during steady-state driving, as the ICE is engaged only when needed. Examples of this type include some early hybrid systems.
  • Plug-in Hybrids: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) offer an intermediate approach between pure electric vehicles and traditional hybrids. They feature a larger battery pack that can be recharged from an external power source. This allows for a significant range of all-electric driving, making them ideal for daily commutes. The Toyota Prius Prime and the Honda Clarity PHEV are notable examples.

Comparison of Hybrid SUV Technologies

The table below summarizes the key advantages and disadvantages of different hybrid systems in SUVs.

Hybrid System Type Pros Cons
Parallel Hybrid Improved responsiveness and acceleration due to combined power delivery. Good balance between performance and fuel efficiency. Slightly less efficient in certain driving conditions compared to series hybrids.
Series Hybrid Superior fuel efficiency, especially at low speeds and during steady-state driving. Potentially less responsive acceleration compared to parallel hybrids.
Plug-in Hybrid Offers a significant range of all-electric driving, reducing reliance on fossil fuels. Can access charging stations for extended range. Higher initial purchase price due to larger battery pack. Range limitations in all-electric mode can impact long-distance travel.

Performance and Efficiency

Hybrid SUVs offer a compelling blend of performance and fuel efficiency, appealing to drivers seeking both exhilarating driving experiences and reduced environmental impact. Their unique powertrain designs combine the strengths of gasoline engines with electric motors, resulting in a dynamic driving experience and significant fuel savings compared to traditional SUVs.

Hybrid SUV powertrains deliver a potent combination of power and efficiency. The electric motor assists the gasoline engine, providing immediate torque and responsiveness, while the engine’s combustion generates the majority of power. This synergy allows for quick acceleration and a smooth transition between power sources, enhancing the overall driving experience.

Performance Advantages

Hybrid SUVs often exhibit quicker acceleration compared to conventional SUVs, especially in the lower speed ranges. The electric motor’s instantaneous torque delivery provides a noticeable boost, particularly during acceleration from a standstill or low speeds. This advantage translates into a more spirited and responsive driving feel. Moreover, the electric motor’s silent operation contributes to a refined driving experience, especially at lower speeds, enhancing the overall comfort and quietness of the vehicle.

Fuel Efficiency Comparison

Hybrid SUVs typically achieve significantly higher fuel efficiency than their conventional counterparts. The electric motor’s ability to assist the engine during various driving conditions reduces fuel consumption. This translates into substantial savings on fuel costs over the lifetime of the vehicle, making hybrid SUVs a financially attractive option. Factors like driving style, terrain, and vehicle weight play a role in the exact fuel efficiency figures.

Impact on Acceleration and Handling

The combination of the gasoline engine and electric motor contributes to improved acceleration and handling. The instant torque delivery from the electric motor enhances responsiveness, especially during initial acceleration. This is particularly noticeable in city driving conditions, where quick acceleration and responsiveness are crucial. Furthermore, the optimized weight distribution and the reduced reliance on the engine for lower-speed driving often contribute to improved handling and stability, making the vehicle more responsive to steering inputs.

Handling Different Driving Conditions

Hybrid SUVs demonstrate adaptability across various driving conditions. In city driving, the instant torque of the electric motor is beneficial for navigating traffic and making quick maneuvers. Highway driving benefits from the engine’s efficiency, allowing for higher speeds and longer distances with improved fuel economy. Off-roading, while not the primary strength of a hybrid SUV, can be facilitated by the vehicle’s overall power delivery and the potential for improved traction in certain situations. The integrated all-wheel drive system in some models enhances handling on uneven surfaces.

Fuel Economy Ratings

Model Estimated MPG (city/highway/combined)
Toyota RAV4 Prime 94/64/80
Honda CR-V Hybrid 38/38/38
Hyundai Tucson Hybrid 38/36/37
Kia Niro Plug-in Hybrid 46/40/43

Note: Fuel economy ratings are estimates and may vary based on driving conditions and individual driving styles.

Features and Technology

Hybrid suv

Hybrid SUVs are rapidly evolving, incorporating advanced technologies that enhance performance, safety, and comfort. This evolution is driven by consumer demand for vehicles that combine fuel efficiency with modern features. The integration of these technologies significantly impacts the overall driving experience and the vehicle’s appeal.

Key Technological Features

Hybrid SUVs boast a range of advanced technological features. Electric motors, seamlessly integrated with internal combustion engines, contribute to a smoother and quieter driving experience. This integration often includes regenerative braking systems that recapture energy during deceleration, further enhancing fuel efficiency. Advanced battery technology allows for increased driving range and improved performance characteristics.

Safety Features and Driver-Assistance Systems

Safety is paramount in modern vehicles, and hybrid SUVs are no exception. Many models include a suite of driver-assistance systems. These systems, often encompassing features like adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning, and automatic emergency braking, enhance safety and reduce the risk of accidents. Sophisticated sensors and cameras are frequently integrated to monitor the surroundings and provide real-time information to the driver, contributing to proactive safety.

Infotainment Systems and Connectivity Options

Modern infotainment systems in hybrid SUVs are designed for intuitive operation and connectivity. Large touchscreens, integrated navigation systems, and smartphone integration are common features. Advanced voice recognition technology allows for hands-free control of various functions, enhancing convenience and safety during driving. Wi-Fi connectivity often provides seamless internet access for passengers.

Comparison Across Different Brands

Different brands of hybrid SUVs offer varying combinations of features and technologies. Some prioritize performance, while others focus on luxury features. For example, brand X might emphasize advanced driver-assistance systems, while brand Y may focus on sophisticated infotainment and connectivity. Evaluating the specific needs and priorities of the driver is crucial in choosing the right hybrid SUV.

Table of Common Features and Functionalities

Feature Functionality Example
Electric Motor Provides power assistance to the internal combustion engine, resulting in smoother acceleration and reduced emissions. Honda’s hybrid system integrates electric motors for seamless power transitions.
Regenerative Braking Recoups energy during braking, enhancing fuel economy and extending battery life. Many hybrid SUVs utilize regenerative braking to improve fuel efficiency.
Adaptive Cruise Control Maintains a safe distance from the vehicle ahead, automatically adjusting speed. Tesla and other luxury brands often offer advanced adaptive cruise control.
Lane Departure Warning Alerts the driver if the vehicle is unintentionally drifting out of its lane. Most modern hybrid SUVs feature lane departure warning systems for improved safety.
Large Touchscreen Infotainment Provides intuitive control over various vehicle functions, including navigation, music, and communication. Many hybrid SUVs offer large touchscreens for easy navigation and control.

Market Trends and Consumer Preferences

The hybrid SUV market is experiencing dynamic growth, driven by evolving consumer preferences and environmental concerns. Consumers are increasingly seeking vehicles that offer a balance between performance, efficiency, and sustainability. This shift is influencing manufacturers to invest in innovative hybrid technologies and cater to the diverse needs of the market.

Hybrid SUVs are no longer just a niche market segment. Their popularity is rising rapidly, reflecting a broader trend towards sustainable transportation. This trend is further accelerated by government regulations and consumer awareness about environmental issues.

Current Market Trends

The hybrid SUV market is experiencing a significant surge in popularity. Sales figures consistently indicate strong growth, driven by factors such as improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions. This growth is not isolated to any particular region but is a global phenomenon. Manufacturers are responding by introducing more models and enhancing existing ones, signifying the market’s substantial potential.

Factors Influencing Consumer Choices

Several key factors are driving consumer choices in purchasing hybrid SUVs. Fuel efficiency is a primary consideration, offering significant savings on fuel costs over time. Reduced emissions and environmental benefits are also important to environmentally conscious consumers. The balance between performance and efficiency is a crucial factor. Hybrid SUVs offer a compelling blend of both, addressing the needs of drivers seeking a powerful yet sustainable option. The evolving technology, improved performance, and sophisticated features are also important considerations for many potential buyers.

Future of Hybrid SUV Technology

The future of hybrid SUV technology is promising, with advancements in battery technology and powertrain designs anticipated. Expect further improvements in fuel efficiency and performance. Manufacturers are exploring more advanced hybrid systems, potentially incorporating plug-in capabilities. The rise of electric vehicles (EVs) is also influencing the development of hybrid technology, with some hybrid models integrating EV features. This suggests a possible integration of future hybrid SUV designs with EV technology, paving the way for more efficient and sustainable options.

Impact of Environmental Regulations

Environmental regulations play a significant role in shaping the hybrid SUV market. Stringent emission standards are driving the adoption of hybrid technologies. Governments are implementing policies to encourage the use of vehicles with reduced emissions, which is impacting consumer choices. Manufacturers are compelled to comply with these regulations, leading to an increase in the development and production of hybrid SUVs. This regulatory pressure ultimately translates to more readily available hybrid options for consumers.

Top-Selling Hybrid SUV Models

Model Market Share (Approximate)
Toyota RAV4 Hybrid 15-20%
Honda CR-V Hybrid 10-15%
Hyundai Tucson Hybrid 8-12%
Subaru Ascent Hybrid 5-8%
Kia Niro 5-7%

Note: Market share figures are estimates and can vary depending on the source and reporting period.

Maintenance and Repair

Hybrid suv

Hybrid SUVs, with their intricate combination of electric and internal combustion engines, require specific maintenance procedures to ensure optimal performance and longevity. Proper upkeep is crucial for maximizing fuel efficiency, minimizing repair costs, and preventing potential system failures. Understanding the unique maintenance needs of these vehicles is essential for both owners and mechanics.

Maintenance Requirements for Hybrid SUV Powertrains

Hybrid systems, unlike traditional vehicles, involve complex interactions between electric motors, batteries, and internal combustion engines. Routine maintenance includes checking and replacing fluids specific to each component, ensuring optimal battery health, and inspecting charging systems. Ignoring these specific requirements can lead to reduced efficiency, premature component failure, and costly repairs.

Specific Challenges for Hybrid SUV Repair

Diagnosing and repairing hybrid systems often presents unique challenges for mechanics. The intricate interplay of electrical and mechanical components can make fault isolation difficult. Specialized tools and diagnostic equipment are frequently necessary, increasing repair costs compared to traditional vehicles. Furthermore, the specialized knowledge required for hybrid systems may limit the availability of qualified technicians.

Availability of Trained Technicians for Hybrid SUV Maintenance

The availability of trained technicians specializing in hybrid SUV maintenance varies geographically. Some areas have a greater concentration of qualified mechanics with the necessary expertise and diagnostic equipment. However, finding a qualified technician can be more challenging in areas with limited experience with hybrid vehicle repair. This necessitates meticulous research and potentially longer wait times for repairs.

Cost Considerations for Maintenance and Repair of Hybrid SUVs

The cost of maintaining and repairing hybrid SUVs can vary depending on the specific model, the extent of required work, and the location of the repair shop. While the initial purchase price might be higher than a comparable gasoline-powered SUV, ongoing maintenance costs can sometimes be lower. However, specialized repairs can be significantly more expensive than traditional repairs. For instance, a battery replacement in a hybrid system can be substantially more costly than a similar replacement in a standard vehicle.

Typical Maintenance Schedule for a Hybrid SUV

Regular maintenance is crucial to maintain the optimal performance and lifespan of your hybrid SUV. This schedule Artikels the typical maintenance intervals, including tasks such as fluid checks, component inspections, and battery condition assessments. Adhering to this schedule will help ensure the vehicle’s longevity and prevent costly repairs.

Maintenance Item Frequency Description
Battery Health Check Every 6 months Inspect the battery for signs of degradation, corrosion, or other issues.
Fluid Checks (Engine Oil, Transmission Fluid, Brake Fluid) Every 3-6 months Check levels and condition of fluids to ensure optimal performance.
Hybrid System Inspection Every 12,000 miles Thorough inspection of all hybrid components including electric motors, inverters, and power electronics.
Tire Rotation and Pressure Check Every 5,000-7,000 miles Routine tire maintenance is critical for safety and efficiency.
Brake Pad Inspection Every 10,000 miles Inspect the condition of brake pads for wear and tear.

Environmental Impact

Hybrid suv

Hybrid SUVs offer a compelling alternative to conventional SUVs, promising reduced environmental impact through a combination of fuel efficiency and lower emissions. Their inherent design and operational characteristics contribute to a more sustainable approach to personal transportation, particularly in the context of rising global concerns about climate change.

Hybrid SUVs, by their very nature, significantly lower their environmental footprint compared to traditional SUVs. This is primarily due to the integration of both an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric motor, allowing them to operate with varying degrees of electric power depending on driving conditions. This dual-power system results in substantial savings in fuel consumption and consequently, a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.

Environmental Benefits of Hybrid SUVs

Hybrid SUVs achieve environmental benefits through reduced fuel consumption and lower emissions of harmful pollutants. This translates to less reliance on fossil fuels, a key factor in mitigating climate change. The combination of engine types allows for optimized energy use in various driving scenarios, maximizing efficiency and minimizing environmental impact.

Lifecycle Analysis of Hybrid SUV Production and Use

The lifecycle analysis of a hybrid SUV encompasses the entire production process, from raw material extraction to the vehicle’s end-of-life disposal. Evaluating the environmental impact at each stage is crucial for assessing the overall sustainability of the vehicle. Factors such as manufacturing processes, material choices, and energy consumption during production, along with fuel consumption and emissions throughout the vehicle’s operational lifespan, are considered. Reducing the environmental impact of each stage contributes to a more sustainable product.

Impact of Hybrid SUVs on Carbon Emissions

Hybrid SUVs, due to their combined powertrain, inherently produce lower carbon emissions than conventional SUVs. The electric motor’s ability to supplement or replace the internal combustion engine in certain driving situations directly impacts emissions. Significant reductions in carbon emissions are achievable, contributing to the overall reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, a critical component of combating climate change. This is especially true when compared to vehicles relying solely on internal combustion engines.

Role of Hybrid SUVs in Reducing Dependence on Fossil Fuels

Hybrid SUVs play a crucial role in reducing reliance on fossil fuels. The electric motor component, coupled with the improved fuel efficiency of the hybrid powertrain, reduces the amount of gasoline or diesel required for a given distance. This shift toward a more sustainable energy system, with a reliance on less environmentally damaging fuels, helps mitigate the dependence on fossil fuels, promoting long-term energy security and environmental sustainability.

CO2 Emissions of Various Hybrid SUV Models

Model Estimated CO2 Emissions (g/km)
Model A 145
Model B 162
Model C 158
Model D 139
Model E 171

Note: CO2 emissions figures are estimates and may vary based on driving conditions and specific model specifications. Different testing methodologies and driving profiles can affect the final results. These figures serve as general indicators for comparative purposes.

Safety Considerations

Hybrid SUVs, while offering enhanced fuel efficiency and performance, present unique safety considerations that drivers must understand. These vehicles integrate complex electrical systems and powertrains that differ significantly from conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. Understanding these nuances is crucial for safe operation and maximizing the benefits of hybrid technology.

Specific Safety Features in Hybrid SUVs

Hybrid SUVs often incorporate advanced safety features beyond those found in comparable ICE models. These features aim to mitigate potential risks associated with the unique components and systems of hybrid powertrains. Common features include pre-collision systems, lane departure warnings, adaptive cruise control, and advanced braking systems. These systems are designed to assist drivers in avoiding accidents or mitigating their severity. Additionally, many modern hybrid SUVs are equipped with driver-assistance technologies, which are increasingly important in today’s complex traffic environments.

Potential Safety Concerns Associated with Hybrid SUV Technologies

While hybrid SUVs offer numerous safety features, potential safety concerns exist related to the unique components of the hybrid powertrain. High-voltage electrical systems, battery packs, and electric motors can pose hazards if not properly handled. These components can generate high voltages, posing risks of electric shock or fire in the event of a collision or malfunction. Proper maintenance and adherence to manufacturer guidelines are crucial to mitigate these risks.

Impact of Hybrid Systems on Crashworthiness

The presence of hybrid systems can affect the crashworthiness of an SUV. The placement of high-voltage components and batteries within the vehicle’s structure must be carefully considered to ensure adequate protection in the event of a collision. Structural reinforcement around these components is essential to prevent damage and maintain the integrity of the vehicle’s safety cage. Thorough testing and rigorous design standards are critical in ensuring that hybrid SUVs can withstand impacts as effectively as conventional vehicles.

Importance of Driver Training for Hybrid SUVs

Proper driver training for hybrid SUVs is essential to fully leverage the vehicle’s capabilities and address potential safety concerns. Drivers need to understand the operation of hybrid systems, including how to manage regenerative braking and electric motor functions. Training should cover how to handle potential malfunctions, like battery issues or electrical system failures, to ensure safe operation. Comprehensive training programs can equip drivers with the knowledge and skills to react effectively in various driving scenarios.

Safety Ratings for Hybrid SUV Models

Model Overall Safety Rating (e.g., NHTSA, IIHS) Specific Safety Features
Toyota RAV4 Prime 5 stars (NHTSA) Pre-collision system, lane departure warning, adaptive cruise control
Honda CR-V Hybrid 4.5 stars (NHTSA) Pre-collision system, lane departure warning, lane keeping assist
Hyundai Tucson Hybrid 4 stars (NHTSA) Pre-collision assist, adaptive cruise control
Kia Niro 5 stars (NHTSA) Pre-collision system, lane departure warning, lane keeping assist

Note: Safety ratings can vary depending on the specific model year and testing agency. It’s essential to consult official safety reports from reputable sources for the most up-to-date information.

Comparison with Electric SUVs

Hybrid SUVs offer a compromise between traditional gasoline-powered vehicles and fully electric models, providing a pathway to reduced emissions without the limitations of purely electric ranges. However, the choice between a hybrid and an electric SUV depends on individual needs, priorities, and local infrastructure.

Electric SUVs are gaining popularity due to their zero tailpipe emissions and often perceived performance advantages. Hybrid SUVs, meanwhile, offer a more accessible entry point to reduced emissions and improved fuel efficiency while maintaining the familiarity of gasoline-powered vehicles. Both technologies have strengths and weaknesses, and understanding these aspects is crucial for informed decision-making.

Charging Infrastructure Considerations for Electric SUVs

Electric vehicle adoption hinges on the availability of reliable and convenient charging infrastructure. The accessibility and speed of charging stations significantly influence the practicality of electric SUVs, impacting daily commutes and long-distance travel. Charging infrastructure is a crucial consideration when choosing an electric vehicle.

  • Public charging stations are essential for long-distance travel and situations where home charging isn’t convenient.
  • Home charging options, like Level 2 chargers, are crucial for daily charging needs, providing convenience and cost-effectiveness for regular drivers.
  • The geographic distribution of charging stations plays a vital role in overall electric vehicle adoption. Areas with limited access to public charging infrastructure can create a barrier to adoption, especially for those who rely on long commutes or road trips.

Range and Performance Comparison

The range and performance of hybrid and electric SUVs vary significantly. Hybrid SUVs typically offer a combined range from gasoline and electric power, with greater range than pure electric vehicles in many cases, but less acceleration in some instances. Electric SUVs, conversely, excel in acceleration and have a pure electric range, albeit often with a more limited overall range compared to hybrid models that use a combination of power sources.

Feature Hybrid SUV Electric SUV
Range (estimated) 30-50 miles electric, 300-500+ miles total 150-300+ miles electric
Performance (acceleration) Generally good, often depending on engine size and electric motor power Often faster acceleration due to instant torque of electric motors
Charging Time (estimated) N/A Level 2: 4-8 hours, DC fast charging: 30-60 minutes
Initial Purchase Price Generally more affordable Often more expensive
Running Costs Lower fuel costs compared to gasoline vehicles; electricity costs Lower running costs (fuel) than gasoline vehicles; electricity costs

Key Features and Performance Metrics Comparison

This table presents a concise overview of key features and performance metrics. A detailed comparison requires specific model data.

Strengths and Weaknesses of Each Technology

Hybrid SUVs offer a pragmatic blend of gasoline and electric power, allowing for greater range and ease of adoption compared to purely electric vehicles. However, hybrid SUVs may not achieve the same levels of acceleration or pure electric range as dedicated electric vehicles.

  • Hybrid SUVs: Strengths include reduced fuel consumption, greater range compared to fully electric models, and readily available fueling infrastructure.
  • Hybrid SUVs: Weaknesses include potential compromise in acceleration and performance compared to purely electric vehicles, and a slight increase in complexity compared to traditional gasoline-powered SUVs.
  • Electric SUVs: Strengths include zero tailpipe emissions, often faster acceleration, and potentially lower long-term running costs.
  • Electric SUVs: Weaknesses include the need for charging infrastructure, potentially higher initial purchase price, and limited range in some models.

Illustrative Examples

Hybrid SUVs offer a compelling blend of fuel efficiency and performance, appealing to a broad range of drivers. Understanding the specific features and technologies of various models illuminates the strengths and limitations of this rapidly evolving vehicle segment. This section presents several prominent hybrid SUV examples, highlighting their key attributes and market position.

Toyota RAV4 Prime

The Toyota RAV4 Prime stands as a strong contender in the hybrid SUV market, leveraging a powerful plug-in hybrid system. Its key technology revolves around a combination of a gasoline engine and an electric motor, providing a substantial all-electric range. This allows drivers to experience the benefits of electric vehicles while maintaining the practicality of a traditional SUV.

  • Electric Powertrain: The RAV4 Prime’s electric motor contributes significantly to its acceleration and fuel economy. Its all-electric range allows for emission-free driving in urban areas and on shorter trips.
  • Charging Capabilities: The RAV4 Prime can be charged at home or at public charging stations, allowing drivers to manage their energy consumption flexibly. The quick charging capabilities provide a significant advantage compared to other plug-in hybrids.
  • Performance and Efficiency: The RAV4 Prime boasts a substantial power output and impressive fuel economy figures, making it a compelling choice for drivers seeking both performance and environmental consciousness.
  • Advantages: A substantial all-electric range, rapid charging capabilities, and a balance of performance and fuel efficiency.
  • Disadvantages: The higher purchase price compared to conventionally powered RAV4 models, and potential limitations in certain off-road conditions.

Honda CR-V Hybrid

The Honda CR-V Hybrid, a staple in the mid-size SUV segment, provides a more traditional hybrid approach. It combines a gasoline engine with an electric motor, delivering a significant improvement in fuel efficiency compared to its gas-only counterpart.

  • Efficient Powertrain: The CR-V Hybrid’s hybrid powertrain focuses on optimizing fuel efficiency without sacrificing performance. This is accomplished through regenerative braking and a sophisticated control system.
  • Smooth Performance: The CR-V Hybrid delivers a smooth and refined driving experience, making it a popular choice for daily commutes and long trips.
  • Cost-effectiveness: The CR-V Hybrid’s pricing often falls within the more affordable range compared to plug-in hybrid options, making it accessible to a broader range of buyers.
  • Advantages: Excellent fuel economy, smooth and refined driving experience, and affordability.
  • Disadvantages: A reduced all-electric range compared to plug-in hybrid models, potentially limiting its suitability for extended emission-free driving.

Hyundai Tucson Hybrid

The Hyundai Tucson Hybrid showcases a more budget-friendly approach to hybrid SUV technology. It provides a balanced blend of fuel efficiency and everyday practicality.

  • Enhanced Fuel Efficiency: The Tucson Hybrid demonstrates the potential for improved fuel economy within a more accessible price range.
  • Everyday Usability: The Tucson Hybrid is designed with daily driving in mind, prioritizing practicality and ease of use.
  • Technology Integration: The Tucson Hybrid incorporates advanced technology features, such as connectivity and safety systems, commonly found in more expensive models.
  • Advantages: A compelling balance of fuel efficiency and practicality at a more accessible price point, and advanced features.
  • Disadvantages: Potentially lower performance compared to more powerful hybrid models, and less substantial all-electric range.

Comparison Table

Model Powertrain Fuel Economy (estimated MPG) All-electric Range (miles) Price (estimated)
Toyota RAV4 Prime Plug-in Hybrid 40+ 30-40 $40,000+
Honda CR-V Hybrid Hybrid 35+ 0 $35,000+
Hyundai Tucson Hybrid Hybrid 32+ 0 $30,000+

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