Florida Lemon Law Used Cars Buyers Rights

Understanding Florida Lemon Law

Florida’s lemon law is a consumer protection statute designed to safeguard buyers of new and used vehicles from purchasing defective vehicles. It provides a recourse for consumers who have experienced substantial problems with their vehicle that significantly impair its use, value, or safety. This law, in essence, aims to hold manufacturers and dealerships accountable for delivering vehicles that meet reasonable standards of quality and reliability.

Criteria for a Used Car to be Considered a “Lemon”

Used cars can be considered “lemons” under Florida law if they exhibit substantial defects that substantially impair the vehicle’s use, value, or safety. This is a crucial distinction, as the law doesn’t apply to minor issues. These defects must have been the subject of a reasonable number of attempts at repair, and the repairs must have failed to correct the problems. Importantly, the used vehicle must be within a specific timeframe (usually the first 12 months or 12,000 miles). Furthermore, the vehicle’s condition must not have deteriorated significantly beyond the scope of the initial defects during the repair attempts.

Process for Initiating a Claim

A buyer seeking recourse under Florida’s lemon law for a used vehicle must follow a specific process. Firstly, they must document all repair attempts, including dates, descriptions of the problem, and the mechanic’s findings. Second, they must provide the documentation of these attempts to the manufacturer or dealer. Third, the buyer must initiate contact with the manufacturer or dealer, outlining their intent to pursue a claim under the lemon law. Finally, the buyer must adhere to the procedures and deadlines Artikeld in the law.

Rights of Consumers Who Successfully Pursue a Claim

Consumers who successfully pursue a claim under Florida’s lemon law have several rights. These rights often include the option of a replacement vehicle, a refund, or a significant reduction in the vehicle’s purchase price. Additionally, they may be entitled to reimbursement for expenses incurred during the repair process. Importantly, consumers are typically entitled to attorney fees if they prevail in their claim. This protects consumers from the financial burden of pursuing their rights.

Comparison of Florida’s Lemon Law with Other States

Feature	Florida	California	New York
Time Limit	Generally, 12 months or 12,000 miles (whichever comes first).	Typically, 18 months or 18,000 miles (whichever comes first).	Generally, 12 months or 12,000 miles (whichever comes first).
Number of Repairs	A reasonable number of repair attempts are required.	A reasonable number of repair attempts are required.	A reasonable number of repair attempts are required.
Types of Defects Covered	Substantial defects that impair use, value, or safety.	Substantial defects that impair use, value, or safety.	Substantial defects that impair use, value, or safety.
Remedies Available	Replacement vehicle, refund, or price reduction.	Replacement vehicle, refund, or price reduction.	Replacement vehicle, refund, or price reduction.

This table provides a general overview of the key features of Florida’s lemon law compared to those of California and New York. Important differences and nuances exist, and specific regulations may vary, so consulting legal resources specific to each state is essential.

Used Car Defects Covered by Florida Lemon Law

The Florida Lemon Law provides a recourse for consumers who purchase a used car with significant defects that substantially impair its value or usability. This law protects buyers from vehicles that are essentially “lemons,” even if the car is used. Understanding the types of defects covered is crucial for navigating the claims process.

The law focuses on whether the defect substantially impairs the car’s value or usability, not simply on the existence of a defect. A used car, unlike a new one, might have some pre-existing conditions. However, if these conditions result in a substantial impairment, the car may still be considered a lemon under the law.

Common Mechanical Defects

Used cars can have various mechanical problems that might qualify as substantial defects. These issues often affect the car’s core functionality and safety. Examples include, but are not limited to, malfunctioning engines, transmissions, braking systems, steering mechanisms, and electrical systems. Problems with these components can lead to frequent repairs, safety concerns, and diminished vehicle performance. If these problems significantly impact the vehicle’s ability to function as intended, they could potentially meet the criteria of a substantial defect.

Common Non-Mechanical Defects

Non-mechanical defects can also lead to a used car being deemed a lemon. These can range from interior issues to exterior problems that severely impact the car’s overall value or usability. For example, significant paint defects, interior damage, or improperly functioning features (like air conditioning or sound systems) can affect the vehicle’s desirability and usability.

Legal Definition of “Substantial Defect”

Florida’s Lemon Law doesn’t explicitly define “substantial defect.” However, courts have established criteria to assess whether a defect significantly impacts the car’s value or usability. A defect is considered substantial if it affects the car’s essential functions, rendering it significantly less valuable or usable than a comparable vehicle. This evaluation is typically made on a case-by-case basis, considering the nature and severity of the defect, the number of repair attempts, and the impact on the vehicle’s intended use.

“A substantial defect is one that significantly impairs the value or usability of the vehicle.”

Criteria for Determining Defect Significance

Several factors contribute to determining if a defect is substantial. These include:

The nature and severity of the defect: A major engine failure is more substantial than a minor electrical issue.
The number of repair attempts: Multiple attempts to fix the same defect, without success, strengthens the case for a substantial defect.
The impact on the vehicle’s intended use: A defect that consistently prevents the car from operating as intended, like frequent engine stalling, is more substantial than a cosmetic issue.
The car’s value: If the defect significantly diminishes the vehicle’s market value compared to similar vehicles, this strengthens the case.

Examples of Substantial Defects

A used car with a recurring transmission failure that prevents it from driving properly, despite multiple repair attempts, could be considered a substantial defect.
A vehicle with significant electrical problems that frequently cause the car to stall or fail to start could meet the criteria for a substantial defect.
A used car with severe interior damage (e.g., water damage or extensive wear and tear), which impacts the vehicle’s aesthetic value and functionality, might be considered a substantial defect.

Common Used Car Defects and Potential Impact on Lemon Law Claim

Defect	Potential Impact on Lemon Law Claim
Recurring engine misfires	High likelihood of substantial defect, especially if multiple repairs fail to resolve the issue.
Severe braking system malfunction	High likelihood of substantial defect, due to safety concerns and impact on vehicle usability.
Frequent transmission slipping	Potentially substantial defect, depending on the frequency and severity of the issue.
Extensive rust throughout the vehicle	Potentially substantial defect, depending on the extent of the damage and its impact on the car’s structural integrity.
Non-functional AC system	Potentially substantial defect, especially in warmer climates, depending on the frequency and severity of the issue.

Protecting Your Rights When Buying a Used Car in Florida

Purchasing a used car in Florida can be exciting, but it’s crucial to understand your rights and protect yourself from potential issues. Knowing the steps to take before, during, and after the purchase can significantly reduce the risk of regret and legal complications. This section will Artikel the essential steps for a smooth and legally sound used car transaction.

Thorough pre-purchase inspections are vital for safeguarding your interests. Understanding the vehicle’s condition before committing to a purchase can prevent costly repairs or legal disputes later. A well-documented inspection process serves as a valuable defense if issues arise after the sale.

Pre-Purchase Inspection Checklist

A thorough pre-purchase inspection is essential to avoid surprises after the sale. This checklist ensures you’ve considered all relevant aspects of the vehicle’s condition. Prioritize these critical points:

Review the Vehicle History Report: Obtain a Carfax or similar report to uncover any accidents, repairs, or outstanding issues related to the vehicle. This report provides valuable insight into the car’s past and can reveal potential problems. A clean history report is a good indicator of a well-maintained vehicle.
Conduct a Detailed Visual Inspection: Inspect the car’s exterior and interior for signs of damage, wear, or neglect. Look for dents, scratches, rust, or any unusual signs of tampering. Pay close attention to the paint condition and the interior’s cleanliness and wear. Take photos and note any discrepancies.
Check the Engine and Mechanical Components: If possible, have a trusted mechanic inspect the engine, transmission, and other crucial mechanical components. This will help you determine the car’s overall mechanical health and identify potential hidden issues. This mechanical inspection should include a test drive, evaluating the car’s responsiveness and identifying any unusual noises or vibrations.
Examine the Tires and Brakes: Inspect the tires for wear and tear, ensuring they meet legal standards. Check the brake system for proper function, examining the brake pads, rotors, and fluid levels. This inspection is crucial for ensuring the safety and reliability of the car.
Inspect the Electrical System: Check all lights, wipers, and other electrical components to ensure they are functioning correctly. Test the electrical system to confirm its reliability.

Documenting the Inspection

Thorough documentation is critical in protecting your rights. Detailed records of your pre-purchase inspection will be invaluable if problems arise after the sale. This is crucial for supporting your claim in case of legal issues.

Use a Legal Document Template: Utilize a pre-purchase inspection checklist or template. This structured approach ensures you don’t miss any critical aspects. Templates often provide space for detailed descriptions of findings, dates, and signatures, which is critical to establish the agreed-upon conditions.
Take Photos and Videos: Document all aspects of the car’s condition. Include pictures and videos of any damage, wear, or discrepancies you discover during the inspection. This visual documentation serves as concrete evidence of the car’s condition at the time of purchase. Photos should clearly show any damage, rust, or wear, including the mileage and the odometer reading.
Record Any Issues Found: Note every problem you encounter during the inspection, including the exact location and a detailed description. This record ensures all issues are documented. A record should detail the specific issues, their severity, and the potential impact on the car’s future functionality.
Obtain Signatures: Have the seller sign a document acknowledging the inspection’s findings. This creates a legally binding agreement, making it easier to address any issues later. The seller’s signature confirms their awareness of the vehicle’s condition at the time of sale.

Legal Resources for Florida Consumers

Several resources are available to Florida consumers regarding used car purchases.

Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS): The FDACS website provides valuable information about consumer rights, including details on the Lemon Law and other consumer protection laws. Their website is a primary resource for legal information about consumer rights and protection.
Florida Attorney General’s Office: The Attorney General’s office provides information about consumer rights and legal recourse. They are a resource for guidance on legal issues related to consumer rights.
Local Consumer Protection Agencies: Local consumer protection agencies can provide guidance and resources for resolving disputes related to used car purchases. These agencies offer specialized assistance for addressing consumer complaints.

Negotiating a Settlement with a Dealer

Successfully navigating a used car lemon law claim often hinges on effective negotiation with the dealer. A well-structured approach, supported by documented evidence and a clear understanding of your rights, significantly increases your chances of a favorable outcome. This section details the crucial steps and strategies for negotiating a settlement, including legal recourse if a resolution proves elusive.

A negotiated settlement is often the most efficient and cost-effective way to resolve a lemon law claim. By understanding the dealer’s negotiation tactics and developing a counter strategy, you can increase your likelihood of a satisfactory resolution. This process demands careful planning, documentation, and a firm understanding of Florida’s lemon law provisions.

Preparing for Negotiation

Understanding your rights and the specifics of your case is paramount before initiating negotiations. Thoroughly review the documentation associated with your purchase, including the sales contract, repair records, and any correspondence with the dealer. This detailed record provides a strong foundation for your case. Compile all relevant evidence, such as repair invoices, mechanic reports, and any communications with the dealer. Having these materials readily available allows for a focused and assertive negotiation.

Presenting Your Case

Presenting your case effectively requires clear communication and a well-structured argument. Articulate the specific defects that violate Florida’s lemon law. Clearly explain how these defects have impacted you, emphasizing the inconvenience and financial burden. Provide copies of all relevant documents, including repair orders, mechanic reports, and correspondence with the dealer. Maintain a professional and respectful demeanor throughout the negotiation process.

Common Dealer Negotiation Tactics and How to Counter Them

Dealers often employ tactics designed to delay or minimize compensation. One common tactic is to downplay the severity of the defects or dispute the extent of the repairs. A counter strategy involves presenting compelling evidence, such as independent mechanic reports, that validate your claims. Another tactic is to offer a lowball settlement. Counter this by presenting a well-researched counter-offer based on comparable settlements in similar cases.

Legal Procedures for Resolving Disputes

If negotiations fail to yield a satisfactory settlement, Florida law provides avenues for pursuing legal action. Consulting with a qualified attorney specializing in lemon law cases is crucial at this stage. An attorney can guide you through the legal process, representing your interests and advocating for your rights. This step involves filing a formal complaint with the appropriate authorities, initiating legal proceedings, and potentially pursuing arbitration or litigation.

Negotiation Strategies and Effectiveness

Negotiation Strategy	Effectiveness	Explanation
Firm but polite approach	High	Demonstrates seriousness without aggression, increasing credibility.
Presenting detailed evidence	High	Comprehensive documentation strengthens your case, supporting your claims.
Highlighting financial impact	Moderate	Quantifying inconvenience and repair costs enhances your case.
Using comparable settlements	High	Researching similar cases strengthens your position and provides a benchmark for fair compensation.
Negotiating a fixed-term resolution	High	Ensuring a timely and definitive resolution with clearly defined terms.

Seeking Legal Representation for a Lemon Law Claim

Navigating a lemon law claim can be complex, requiring specialized knowledge of state laws and the intricacies of consumer protection. Seeking legal representation can significantly increase your chances of a favorable outcome, especially when dealing with a recalcitrant dealership or a dispute over the extent of the vehicle’s defects. This section details the process of finding qualified legal counsel, crucial factors to consider when choosing representation, and the potential costs and benefits.

Understanding the nuances of Florida’s lemon law and how to best present your case to a judge or jury is crucial in achieving a positive outcome. An attorney specializing in lemon law cases can provide invaluable guidance, effectively advocating for your rights and maximizing your potential recovery.

Finding a Qualified Lemon Law Attorney

Locating a qualified attorney specializing in lemon law cases is a critical first step. Begin by researching attorneys in your area. Online legal directories, bar associations, and consumer protection organizations often maintain lists of attorneys with experience in consumer law. Referrals from trusted sources, such as consumer advocacy groups or other legal professionals, can also be invaluable. Thorough online research, including checking attorney profiles, past case results, and client reviews, can help you assess their qualifications and experience.

Factors to Consider When Selecting Legal Representation

Several factors should guide your decision when choosing a lemon law attorney. Consider the attorney’s experience handling lemon law cases in Florida, specifically. A proven track record in successful outcomes, demonstrated through case summaries or testimonials, is a strong indicator of their proficiency. Assess the attorney’s communication style and responsiveness. Understanding their approach to client interaction and their ability to clearly explain legal processes will help ensure a smooth and productive attorney-client relationship. Evaluate the attorney’s fees and payment arrangements. Clear and transparent fee structures are essential for ensuring a transparent relationship. Review the attorney’s understanding of the specific details of your case, ensuring they comprehend the intricacies of the vehicle’s defects and the applicable Florida lemon law provisions.

Costs and Potential Benefits of Hiring an Attorney

The cost of hiring an attorney for a lemon law claim can vary depending on the attorney’s experience, the complexity of the case, and the agreed-upon fee structure. Hourly rates, contingency fees (where the attorney’s fee is contingent on the outcome), or a combination of both are common. Researching and comparing different attorneys is crucial to understanding the range of potential costs. The potential benefits of hiring an attorney are significant. An experienced attorney can effectively navigate the complexities of the legal process, advocate for your rights, and negotiate a fair settlement or pursue legal action if necessary. This can significantly improve your chances of receiving a satisfactory resolution to your lemon law claim, potentially leading to compensation for repairs, vehicle replacement, or other financial restitution.

Legal Aid Organizations for Consumer Protection

Several legal aid organizations specialize in consumer protection and may provide assistance with lemon law claims. These organizations often offer free or low-cost legal services to eligible individuals, helping those with limited financial resources access legal representation. Local bar associations, consumer protection agencies, and non-profit organizations dedicated to consumer rights can provide valuable information and resources for finding these organizations. Contacting these organizations directly or checking their websites for eligibility requirements is recommended.

Potential Legal Representation Options for Consumers

Local Attorneys: Seek referrals from trusted sources and review online profiles for experience in Florida lemon law cases. Investigate the attorney’s track record and communication style.
Specialized Lemon Law Firms: Some firms specialize in lemon law cases and have extensive knowledge of Florida’s regulations.
Legal Aid Organizations: Check with local bar associations, consumer protection agencies, or non-profit organizations dedicated to consumer rights for assistance with free or low-cost legal representation.
Pro Bono Attorneys: Some attorneys offer pro bono services (free legal services) for specific cases. Research local bar associations or organizations offering pro bono legal assistance.

Potential Outcomes of a Florida Lemon Law Claim

A successful Florida Lemon Law claim can lead to significant relief for consumers who have purchased a defective used car. Understanding the potential outcomes is crucial for navigating the process effectively. This section details the various remedies available and the implications of a failed claim.

The Florida Lemon Law is designed to protect consumers from the hassle and expense of dealing with persistent vehicle defects. It provides a framework for resolving these issues, offering various outcomes depending on the specific circumstances of the case and the dealer’s willingness to cooperate.

Successful Claim Outcomes

The outcome of a successful lemon law claim typically involves the buyer receiving one or more of the following remedies. These remedies are designed to restore the consumer to the position they would have been in had the vehicle not been defective.

Refund: In some cases, a full or partial refund of the purchase price may be awarded. This is especially likely if the vehicle is deemed irreparably defective or if the dealer is unwilling to make reasonable repairs.
Replacement Vehicle: The dealer may be required to provide a replacement vehicle. This is often a new or nearly new model, comparable to the original vehicle. The specifics of the replacement vehicle, such as make, model, and condition, are often negotiated.
Repairs: The dealer may be obligated to repair the vehicle. This is often the first step in the process, and may be a condition of the lemon law claim, or may be combined with other remedies.
Additional Compensation: In some cases, additional compensation, such as reimbursement for towing fees, rental car expenses, or other costs associated with the defective vehicle, may be awarded. These are often included in the settlement agreement.

Failed Claim Implications

A failed lemon law claim can have significant consequences for the consumer. It’s essential to understand that a failure to prove the claim does not necessarily mean the vehicle is defect-free. It signifies that the specific circumstances of the case did not meet the legal requirements of the Florida Lemon Law.

No Remedy: If the claim is unsuccessful, the buyer is typically left with the vehicle, as it was purchased, and may be responsible for any outstanding financial obligations associated with the vehicle.
Legal Costs: If the claim is unsuccessful, the buyer may incur legal costs, including attorney’s fees. These costs can be significant and should be factored into the decision to pursue a claim.
Damage to Reputation: A failed claim may not directly impact the buyer’s reputation, but it can potentially create stress and a negative experience that might influence future decisions when purchasing a vehicle.

Appealing a Decision

If a consumer is unsatisfied with the outcome of a lemon law claim, they may have the option to appeal the decision. The specific procedures for appealing a lemon law case vary depending on the jurisdiction and the nature of the dispute.

Review of Decision: The decision rendered by the initial court or arbitrator may be reviewed by a higher court, such as an appellate court, based on legal grounds and errors of judgment.
Legal Counsel: Consult with an attorney to determine the possibility of an appeal and the necessary steps for the process.
Deadlines: Appeals often have strict deadlines. It is critical to act promptly and consult with legal counsel to ensure compliance with all applicable timelines.

Documenting the Claim Process

Thorough documentation of the lemon law claim process is essential for future reference. This documentation will prove helpful in case of any subsequent disputes or appeals.

Detailed Records: Maintain meticulous records of all communications, repair attempts, correspondence with the dealer, and any supporting documentation related to the case.
Proof of Defects: Collect evidence of defects, such as repair orders, photos, videos, and witness statements.
Timelines: Keep track of dates of communications, repair attempts, and court hearings.

Common Misconceptions About Florida Lemon Law

Florida’s lemon law, designed to protect consumers from defective vehicles, is often misunderstood. Many believe they qualify for protection when, in fact, their situation falls outside the law’s parameters. Understanding the precise requirements and limitations is crucial to navigating the process effectively. This section clarifies common misconceptions to ensure consumers make informed decisions.

Eligibility Criteria Misunderstandings

Many consumers believe that any issue with a used car qualifies for lemon law protection. However, Florida lemon law has specific criteria for used vehicles. It’s not simply about having a car with problems. The law focuses on defects that substantially impair the safe operation or use of the vehicle.

Understanding Legal Requirements

The specific legal requirements of Florida’s lemon law are crucial for a valid claim. A detailed understanding of these requirements is vital for determining eligibility. The law defines a “lemon” as a used vehicle with non-conformities that substantially impair its use, safety, or value, and that have been repaired multiple times without success. This includes situations where the defect impacts the vehicle’s performance, functionality, or structural integrity.

Timeframes and Procedures for Filing a Claim

Filing a lemon law claim involves specific timeframes and procedures. Consumers must act within the designated timeframe. Failure to follow these procedures may result in the claim being dismissed. Understanding these deadlines and steps is paramount to avoiding potential issues.

Examples of Misguided Beliefs

Some consumers mistakenly believe that minor issues, such as a faulty radio or occasional squeaking, meet the criteria for lemon law protection. Other common misconceptions include believing that any repair constitutes a “successful” repair, or that the vehicle’s age automatically qualifies for protection, regardless of the nature of the defects. A buyer may also wrongly believe they have a claim if they simply dislike the vehicle’s performance or appearance.

Situations Often Mistaken for Lemon Law Claims

One common misconception is that any vehicle with a history of repairs qualifies for lemon law protection. This is incorrect. Florida law specifically requires that the defect substantially impairs the vehicle’s use or safety. A simple aesthetic issue or minor inconvenience does not meet this requirement. The repairs must be related to a defect that substantially impacts the vehicle’s use or safety, not just an inconvenience. Furthermore, the repairs must be unsuccessful, meaning the defect persists after multiple attempts at repair. A consumer may mistakenly believe that a vehicle with cosmetic issues, like a dent or scratch, falls under lemon law protection. This is incorrect; these cosmetic issues are not considered defects that substantially impair the use, safety, or value of the vehicle. The law focuses on functional defects, not cosmetic ones. The repair attempts must be substantial and unsuccessful. One example is a consumer who believes their used car qualifies for lemon law protection due to a persistent rattling noise. This noise, while irritating, might not meet the legal criteria of a defect that substantially impairs the vehicle’s operation. Another example is a consumer who believes a minor electrical issue constitutes a lemon. If the issue doesn’t affect the vehicle’s safety or substantially impair its use, it likely does not qualify for lemon law protection.

Illustrative Case Studies of Florida Lemon Law Claims

Florida’s Lemon Law offers crucial protection for consumers who purchase used cars with significant defects. Understanding how the law has been applied in various cases illuminates its practical application and the potential outcomes for buyers. These case studies highlight the intricacies of the law and the importance of meticulous documentation and legal counsel.

Successful Lemon Law Claims

Florida Lemon Law claims, while often complex, can lead to successful resolutions for consumers. A crucial factor in a successful claim is demonstrating that the vehicle’s defects substantially impair its use, value, or safety, and that the dealer has made multiple attempts to repair the defect without success.

Case 1: A consumer purchased a used SUV with a persistent transmission issue. Despite multiple attempts by the dealer to repair the transmission, the problem persisted. The consumer meticulously documented each repair attempt, including dates, descriptions of the problem, and communication with the dealer. The consumer’s comprehensive documentation, coupled with expert testimony regarding the transmission’s inherent defect, ultimately convinced the court that the vehicle was a lemon. The consumer was awarded a full refund.
Case 2: A buyer purchased a used truck with a faulty electrical system causing intermittent engine failure. The buyer documented numerous attempts at repair, each time resulting in a temporary fix that failed within days. The buyer presented evidence that the electrical issues stemmed from a design flaw common to that model year of the truck. The court ruled in favor of the buyer, awarding them a replacement vehicle of comparable value.

Unsuccessful Lemon Law Claims

While some cases result in favorable outcomes for consumers, others fall short. This often stems from insufficient documentation or a failure to demonstrate that the defect significantly impacted the vehicle’s functionality.

Case 3: A consumer purchased a used car with a minor rattling noise in the dashboard. The consumer attempted to get the noise fixed, but the dealer argued that the noise was minor and did not affect the vehicle’s operation. The consumer lacked sufficient evidence of repeated attempts at repair and did not pursue expert testimony to support their claim. The court sided with the dealer, ruling that the defect did not meet the criteria for a lemon.
Case 4: A buyer claimed a used minivan was a lemon due to minor paint imperfections and an occasional squeak from the door panel. The consumer presented limited documentation and did not provide expert testimony to demonstrate that the minor issues significantly impaired the vehicle’s use, value, or safety. The court ruled against the buyer, finding that the issues did not meet the criteria for a lemon under Florida Lemon Law.

Legal Arguments and Outcomes

The legal arguments in lemon law cases vary depending on the specific defects and the consumer’s documentation. The key is to demonstrate that the vehicle’s issues meet the statutory requirements of the Florida Lemon Law.

Case	Specific Issue	Legal Argument	Outcome
Case 1	Persistent transmission issue	Comprehensive documentation, expert testimony	Successful claim, full refund
Case 2	Faulty electrical system causing engine failure	Multiple repair attempts, evidence of design flaw	Successful claim, replacement vehicle
Case 3	Minor rattling noise in dashboard	Insufficient documentation, lack of expert testimony	Unsuccessful claim
Case 4	Minor paint imperfections and occasional squeak	Limited documentation, lack of significant impairment	Unsuccessful claim